This is Wikipedia's definition of Turing completeness. In simpler terms, a programming language is Turing complete if any program that could theoretically be executed by a computer can be programmed using that language. Nearly all programming languages you have heard of are Turing complete. Keep in mind that this is a theoretical concept, assuming infinite computational resources, which is not very realistic.

Defining Natural-Turing Completeness for Natural Languages

I am exploring the idea of a concept analogous to Turing completeness in natural languages, which I call Natural-Turing Completeness (I'm not great at naming things). My definition is as follows: A natural language is Natural-Turing complete if it can convey any information or meaning that could be communicated through words.

Core Question

What is the irreducible set of features necessary for a language to be Natural-Turing complete?

For example, features like grammatical gender might be redundant for our purpose since some languages without gender distinctions can still convey the same information as gendered languages by using additional words when necessary. Assuming infinite resources (e.g., conveying the word "apple" might take 10 million words, similar to the computational assumptions of infinite memory and time), what are the essential linguistic building blocks required? What is the bare minimum needed for a language to be considered Natural-Turing complete?