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For an example of ambiguous syntax:
John likes Adam more than Eve.
Such a construction could mean that:
Comparing Adam and Eve, John likes Adam more.
Compared to Eve's liking of Adam, John likes Adam more.
Is there a list anywhere of common distinct ambiguous English syntax?
EDIT:
I've edited this to note that I'm just looking for a list of common syntax ambiguities. I'm not expecting a complete list, for I know that there's not a finite quantity of syntax ambiguities.
[partial answer]
Your example has elision (ellipsis) ambiguity. The best paraphrases simply add the missing words that the listener is expected to assume: (rather than change the existing syntax as you did in your interpretations)
John likes Adam more than [John likes] Eve.
John likes Adam more than Eve [likes Adam].
Elision can also cause (polysemous) transitivity errors: "He is running [for office]."
Other ambiguities arise from polysemous words, which can cause parsing of the wrong Part-Of-Speech or choosing the wrong idiom: "They can fish." "The cat is on the TV again."
Unfortunately, no such list can exist. According to standard models, language is infinite and recursive, and there are infinitely many different ways a sentence can be made ambiguous.
For example, imagine the structural rules NP → NP and NP and NP → NP 's NP. (Or DP instead depending on your theory, but calling it an NP here is simpler.) With only these two, you can already create an infinite number of ambiguous sentences: "my brother's dog and cat", "my brother's dog and cat's name", etc etc.
