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In phrases like page twenty-five, year nineteen ninety-nine, Half Life Two or article seven three zero zero one, the number is in cardinal form, but it doesn't refer to the amount of the head noun. It is used to identify a specific instance of an entity, but unlike ordinal numbers it does not always necessarily order those instances (article 73001 doesn't make one think of the 73001st article in a line of articles).
Is there a linguistic term for these numbers?
It is a nominal number. It is like a cardinal in writing, but doesn't really express a number. It is kind of like an ordinal in some contexts. For example, 2020 says "the 2020th year after the Birth of Jesus or in the Common Era". We can also start the calendar from 1970.
"Page 10 of this book" equals the "tenth page of this book". Both expressions express quantity (differently from your title) anchored to a specific reference point given by the context. If I get your question right, you are asking whether languages express chronological vs. total counting differently (as in "the third book of this saga" vs. "the third and last book I would like to tell you about is...")
