Turkish, German, Russian, Greek and Latin are examples of languages with declension. They also have lists of verbs for which the verb's single object takes a particular case apart from the "normal" object case (accusative, say). E.g., when I mention that I believe *something* in Turkish, I mention *something* in the dative case. To glance at those five languages, having verbs which can "case" their single objects different ways might appear normal for languages which use case.

Some examples:

[German][1]:

"I see you"

> Ich sehe Dich [2ps acc]

but

"I help you"

> ich helfe dir [2ps dat]

[Turkish][2]:

"I see you"

> Seni [2ps acc] görüyorum

but

"I suspect you"

> Senden [2ps abl] şüpheleniyorum

One needs to remember these case-object relations per verb. [Russian][3] seems to have quite a few verbs which "take" different cases. I wonder if all languages which use case are this way.


Searching about this tonight, I think it may be a type of "subcategorization" or "c-selection": verbs c-select particular types of complements/objects. I read half a dozen pages seemingly related pages which I think I did understand, and two or three I know I did not understand. I might be wrong in applying those two terms. I don't want to risk unwittingly asking a subtly different question by using them. I will say "casey verbs" and mean "verbs which normally don't follow the language's most common 'object case' for their complements."

Questions:

1. Those easy-to-search languages with cases above do have casey verbs. Is this representative of languages which use case?

2. If a language has several cases in addition to its nominative/accusative/ergative situation, e.g., it has dative, are there likely to be casey verbs for each of those several cases?

3. Specific examples of #2: are dative verbs common where there is a dative? ablative verbs, common? genitive verbs, common?

4. I am not sure how to phrase this question. Some English verbs seem "casey" to me as I have been thinking about this today. English doesn't have a "from" case, but some verbs are especially ready for an "incoming object": 'to defend,' 'to hear.' Casey verbs might have a "fromness," for example, built-in in this way. So my question is can they have all the "fromness" (say) built into the definition so that a verb 'to hearfrom' takes a "normal" direct object now because the declension to the "from" case would be redundant like "to hearfrom from Fred"?


  [1]: https://www.thoughtco.com/frequently-used-german-dative-verbs-4071410
  [2]: http://www.turkishclass.com/forumTitle_61644
  [3]: http://masterrussian.net/f15/list-verbs-require-dative-genitive-instrumental-case-20791/