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ˀm = ʔm dʰ = dh dʱ = dɦ dⁿ = dn ⁿd = nd ᵑd = ŋd ᶮd = ɲd ᶯd = ɳd ᵐb = mb ᵗʃ = tʃ (I saw this along with tʃ as two different elements of a phonology somewhere I think) q͡χ = qχ t͡ɬ = tɬ ʈ͡ʂ = ʈʂ ɖ͡ʐ = ɖʐ …

But if I were putting together a phonology, it seems it would be more "pure" to just list the base vowels which get used, at level 1. … I would personally move the diphthongs and level 2 stuff into a higher level thing, maybe not called part of the phonology. But I'm not sure. What goes into a phonology in the end? …

I understand the basics of what a nasal sound is. I understand that /m/ and /n/ are nasal sounds because you are letting air come out of your nose. But I don't quite get a few other things: What the …

Looking at the Danish vowels, it came up with this translation: a hat ɑ art ɑː father ʌ off ɒ og ɒː dog æ bet æː bed e face ɛ ? eː phase ɛː ? i leaf iː leave o oak ɔ thought …

Sometimes phonologies have symbols that I haven't seen in the IPA, such as ᵘa or k͜xʰ. Wondering how I go about finding out what these mean, and/or why they don't use the IPA symbols. Wondering if thi …

Trying to get a sense of what a complicated language sounds like, all the different pronunciations possible. Wondering if one could link to one of the most complicated spoken languages today. I just r …

I am trying to tell the difference between [h] and [ħ]. I get the technical difference of pharyngeal vs. glottal, but I don't see how it's possible to control those two regions of your anatomy separat …

I am playing with the idea of building a language parser/transformer and getting into the structure of pronunciations. This leads me to try and come up with rules for the parser for understanding how …

Why some symbols in phonology charts are put in parentheses or brackets, such as (z), or [ɲ], and why there is a tilde ~ in some places, such as dz [dʒ ~ dz]. …

So it turns out that pinyin can't be reversed back to Chinese characters. However, I keep seeing images like the ones below for different languages (the images below are for Hindi and Japanese, but th …

Phoible is a repository of cross-linguistic phonological inventory data, and it has data like this (JS object): { InventoryID: '2325', Glottocode: 'ligu1248', ISO6393: 'lij', LanguageName: 'Li …

The Xhosa consonants include these minimal pairs: ᵏǀʰ ⟨ch⟩ ᵏǁʰ ⟨xh⟩ ᵏǃʰ ⟨qh⟩ ᶢ̥ǀʱ ⟨gc⟩ ᶢ̥ǁʱ ⟨gx⟩ ᶢ̥ǃʱ ⟨gq⟩ They are distinguishing between the k and voiceless g in their orthography, but …

Starting to learn the IPA and having a few questions. One is about the L sound. Here are the L sounds I've seen: l l̥ ɬ (No language uses this). ɫ: both velarization and pharyngealization lˠ (vela …

Wondering about languages with stress that don't mark it orthographically. For example, the only two languages I know of that actually mark stress are Ancient Greek and Spanish. It seems that marking …

I am working on a conscript and want to make sure I can handle all of Earth's languages. In some Indian languages they have the aspirated consonants like bh like bhavya. It is basically a breathy b. B …