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You are essentially asking two questions: Why aren't there etymologies for an English word going back to Ancient Egyptian? This question is easily answered: Because such words are rare beasts and …

Probably the closest match to your requirements is the following resource Proto-Indo-European Lexicon hosted by FIN-CLARIN. It provides a detailed chain of sound shifts for known cognates. It does no …

Its etymology is not really well-established. …

The entry has an etymology section, and the next stop by is Proto-Indogermanic root *h₂ōwyóm. … It has an internal possible etymology in the proto-language, and, most relevant to the question, a section of descendants. …

As you already sketched out, it is a difficult question. Usually (e.g., in the OED) the age of a word in a certain language is defined by its first attestation. This works well for the large part of v …

Once you have a satisfactory representative corpus, the rest is easy: pick a sample of enough (but not too many) words at random, determine their etymology, and count. …

This question was indeed extensively studied in linguistic typology and a high level summary of results can be found in WALS chapter 53. It gives a good overview of possible systems of ordinal numbers …

Besides the rather large semantic shift from "to command" to "to love", there is another argument against the derivation of Romanian iubi from Latin iubeo: Latin iubeo is an irregular verb having the …

Dutch tom is clearly cognate to High German zum which is a contraction of zu dem "to the". The German preposition zu can be used both in a static sense ("at") and in a directional sense ("to"). In Ger …

The phenomenon you just rediscovered is termed "exceptionlessness of sound laws": Words that have some common sound structure in a proto-language (here Proto-Germanic) tend to keep that commonness whi …

There exists the word "das Abece" (often written as Abc) as a Germanisation of alphabet in German, and it has some currency in elementary school teaching.

Calvin is indeed from the French, or further back from Latin calvus of the same meaning (cognate with calva skull as in "Calvary"). This epithet ended up becoming a family name. Family names in Europe …

No. The Latin prefix is in- and before a vowel, it remains unchanged, giving *in-ago > inigo. But this is a verb, and not a noun, and there is no way to derive the noun imago from that verb. in- becom …

Morphological levelling is the force working against Verner's law in this situation. Note also that many forms with the ge- prefix may be created after Verner's law was active; there is a modern tren …

For the particular direction of semantic shift, I am aware of the term semantic bleaching. Semantic bleaching is part of the process of Grammaticalization.