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Usually, the meanings of the words are determined (by a lexicographer) by examining a corpus of text (usually some mixture of news, novels, and non-fictional texts). However, in humanities and some f …

When reading and writing is taught at German schools, the diphthongs are learned as single units. They are named like the vowel letters A E I O U Ä Ö Ü: Their pronounced sound is identical to the name …

There is AFAIK no common word for all of them. Sounds of hesitation are often called fillers, while short utterances like Yes or Yep are called fragments.

Convergent features in unrelated languages in contact like Danish and Finnish in the example given are an indication of a Sprachbund. However, I am not aware of a special term for features involved in …

Controlled natural languages are usually designed for some real life purpose, e.g., robust and safe communication of important facts in technology and commerce. They are also often designed to be easy …

The term you are looking for is probably sandhi rules¹. Sandhi is not necessarily restricted to short words, it can in principle apply to any word. Examples for languages with rich sandhi rules are Sa …

I'm afraid there is no such term. Different entries in dictionaries are usually named lemma but this leaves out the details of your first example with era (1p sg) vs era (3p sg). A lemma is also given …

No, it is not correct that way. First of all, a lemma form is not necessarily infinitive: For Latin verbs, the 1st person singular present tense is chosen by convention as the lemma form, for nouns it …

There is the pair of terms monocentric vs. pluricentric describing the situation whether only one cultural or economical centre is responsible for the definition of a standardised language or Hochspra …

Probably yes. From the language acquisition point of view there are notable differences between native languages (L1s) and languages acquired later in lifetime (L2s). The differences are measurable an …

On the individual level, there is the well-known phenomenon of Phonetic accommodation when two speakers in a dialogue tend to converge phonetically. I would consider this kind of levelling still as an …

More traditionally oriented grammars call this subsystem Indefinite pronouns. Restricting the pronouns to words that really replace nouns (taking pro-noun literally) and reclassifying the rest of the …

Colin Fine noted in a comment false friend There are some lists of false friends for English available from https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:False_cognates_and_false_friends For German, …

Linguistic distance is not a really well-defined term. When you consider a tree model of language evolution (this assumption is contested, e.g., by wave models of mutual influence) you can define ling …

Here are some cases that might apply: Elative expresses direction out of something Ablative direction from some point I did not find a case for the second example (The table is out of [=made from] …