7
votes
Accepted
How to detect verb in a sentence where the verb is invisible in the sentence?
This phenomenon is called zero copula. It especially common for third person present tense.
I recommend that you read on how this is handled in syntax parsers for Russian or Hindi. It was also an ...
- 7,293
7
votes
Accepted
What software is used to make these X-bar trees?
This is almost certainly done with LaTeX, or one of its friends, and the tikz-qtree package. It is an improvement of the qtree package with nicer node placement. If you are not familiar with LaTeX, ...
- 3,475
4
votes
Accepted
Can training a Part-of-Speech tagger and parser at the same time improve parsing results?
I think you are talking about joint POS tagging and parsing. If you do not limit yourself to the neural network framework. The following paper can help:
graph-based parser:
Joint models for Chinese ...
- 101
4
votes
Accepted
Dependency parsing that preserves structural ambiguities?
The top parsers like spaCy, Stanford and Google unfortunately only return one parse, although in many cases another parse is nearly equally probable.
However, the always helpful Matt from spaCy ...
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4
votes
Accepted
What are uses of Dependency Parsing in NLP / Computational Linguistics?
Parsing is mostly an important building block used for improving the performance of downstream tasks, not as an application per se.
So, for example, if we are training NER, it helps to hint to the ...
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3
votes
Split a sentence using nltk and python
If you are familiar with spacy, you can use the dependency of the words in the sentence:
import spacy
nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm")
doc = nlp("Apple is looking at buying U.K. ...
- 31
3
votes
Accepted
Convert a non projective dependency tree to a projective one
I've just seen your question, I don't know whether it's still relevant, but here you have a paper that describes how to projectivise a dependency tree. http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1013
- 46
3
votes
Accepted
Unable to understand meaning of tag NONE *-1 in Penn Treebank example
After going through a number of examples, I think I got meaning of *NONE* in parse tree output. Let's take an example, suppose we have to parse following sentence:
Ricky is a boy and likes fruits.
...
- 151
3
votes
Accepted
Steps to build a dependency parser
I suppose you mean a rule-based parser since nobody would think of developing his own statistical parser (there are so many good open-source libraries).
Building a parser is quite complicated. The ...
- 2,499
3
votes
German Dependency Parsing - question about dependencies between "sich ____ lassen"
Thanks for your question. This example reflects a larger problem in grammaticizing language. Roughly speaking there are two approaches: Generative and descriptive. A parser is generative, presupposing ...
- 205
3
votes
How far ahead we look when parsing and understanding text
These are more or less like the word-sense disambiguation, anaphora resolution or co-reference resolution examples in the Winograd Schema Challenge and generally in natural language understanding.
...
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3
votes
Accepted
Parse Tree Formatter Tools?
Here is a script I quickly assembled from pieces of code I had lying around:
https://trinket.io/python3/a33a025467?toggleCode=true&showInstructions=true
Beware that this script parses your tree ...
- 6,303
2
votes
Is there a measure of how easy a sentence is to parse as a Natural Language problem?
Yes, there are measures. Whether they are consistent or useful is subjective.
A probabilistic parser like https://demos.explosion.ai/displacy or https://cloud.google.com/natural-language/ returns ...
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2
votes
Which dependency parsers take auxiliaries to to be heads over content verbs and prepositions to be heads over their complements?
I'm actually a grad student on the team at Stanford that's been developing Stanford Dependencies (on which Universal Dependencies is based), so I think I can clarify things for you.
You're assuming ...
2
votes
Which one is head noun?
I don't know -- I think it is arguable. It sounds rather peculiar with a plural-agreeing verb:
??One of the lizards are ready to eat.
but that might be because the subject, "one of the lizards" ...
- 12.3k
2
votes
Can training a Part-of-Speech tagger and parser at the same time improve parsing results?
Yes, we can train a joint model for POS tagging and dependency parsing.
See the paper (and its source code): "A Novel Neural Network Model for Joint POS Tagging and Graph-based Dependency Parsing" ...
- 121
2
votes
What are the most authoratative references on the notion of shallow parsing?
Maybe this link will be useful for you: NP Chunking (State of the art).
- 121
2
votes
Semantic parsing vs Propositional Representation
Most computational parsing methods yield an output that is a propositional representation within the computer. This includes pure syntactic parsers (if one assumes we can have pure syntax) and ...
- 251
2
votes
Is it possible to produce a list of syntactic rules for a language?
The answer is yes you can, especially if what you want is a subset of French sentences. You will need more rules for a greater subset.
The decision as to when that subset is large enough, is with you. ...
- 4,368
1
vote
Automated wh movement for turning an answer into the form of a question
I suggest you look at the account of English wh-expressions given in Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar by Gazdar, Klein, Pullum and Sag. It's very thorough going and explicit. It takes the ...
- 12.3k
1
vote
What is the name for the phenomenon of verb phrase being an argument of a predicate
In Elements of Symbolic Logic, Hans Reichenbach gives this example of a predicate which is a quantified argument of another predicate: "Napoleon had all the qualities of a great general." This ...
- 12.3k
1
vote
Accepted
What it the best algorithm for dependency parsing?
Dependency parsing with ID/LP rules is trivial if you have a lexicon. One uses a (declarative) generate-and-test approach. Dependency trees are rooted spanning trees on a graph with n nodes where n is ...
- 2,499
1
vote
Can training a Part-of-Speech tagger and parser at the same time improve parsing results?
I can't recall any paper learning a POS tagger and a parser jointly off the top of my head, but the following paper might be of interest to you as they explored multi-task learning (MTL) for parsing, ...
- 1,530
1
vote
Can training a Part-of-Speech tagger and parser at the same time improve parsing results?
(Assumption: by "at the same time" I assume you mean "in one operation". If this is not what you mean, this may not apply.)
Since parsers rely on the POS tags, and normally occur later in the NLP ...
- 121
1
vote
How to derive training data for maltparser classifier from conll file
You will need an oracle finding algorithm. Basically, given the gold standard dependency tree, the oracle finding algorithm tells you what is the next optimal action on a certain state. From the ...
- 101
1
vote
How to derive training data for maltparser classifier from conll file
You can use a converter, such as the ClearNLP C2DConvert for this, which takes PTB trees (constituency parses) and converts to dependency parses in CLEAR style, or ConLL (TSV), format, which Malt and ...
- 121
1
vote
What is the maximum accuracy that can achieve a projective dependency parser in English?
The reasoning is correct, except that parsers' accuracy is never measured in the percentage of correct parse trees for entire sentences. Parsers are evaluated by Labeled Attachment Score (LAS), ...
1
vote
Is there a well-established metric to measure the effectiveness of a parsing algorithm?
The recall metric is ignored when evaluating syntactic trees because all tokens are being labeled in one way or another. There are 5 most common metrics for the evaluation of syntactic dependency ...
- 111
1
vote
What are the upsides of using dependency parsing over constituency parsing?
First of all, dependency parsing is often faster than constituency parsing.
Two more reasons:
Kübler, Sandra, Ryan McDonald, and Joakim Nivre. "Dependency parsing."Synthesis Lectures on Human ...
- 1,530
1
vote
What types of errors arise when converting consistency parse trees to dependency parse trees?
In Hungarian:
Simkó, Katalin Ilona, et al. "An Empirical Evaluation of Automatic Conversion from Constituency to Dependency in Hungarian." Proceedings of COLING. 2014.
The errors made during [the ...
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