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The core of the formula in Davidson’s FOL notation is ∃e.∃x.∃y.eat(e,x,y)∧I(x)∧apple(y). As for the plural, one commonly adds something like Plural(y). This looks rather trivial but can have profound …

Intensions are functions from contexts to extensions. The sentence contains two indexicals - I and now. What the extension is depends on the theory underlying the interpretation. On Frege's analysis, …

What you are talking about are modes of existence, which classify propositions (or more precisely, clauses). From a semantic perspective, eventualities (possible situations) have different modes of ex …

Another possibility would be to use Davidsonian semantics which is very flexible and doesn't make you use lambda calculus. …

The exact answer depends on the approach to natural language semantics you use. …

There's a purely logical definition (given in the MIT Encyclopedia of cognitive science): If sentence s is uttered in context c, then p is a presupposition in s if c entails p. This definition is more …

The book you mention (Partee et al.) is the best one. If it's not an option for you, I'd recommend this one: Gamut

The IL used in symbolic NLP is called first-order logic. There are various more or less differing notations but it all boils down to plain old FOL which can easily capture the meaning (literal or cont …

To combine dependency syntax with formal semantics you could use linear logic, it's been used in unification grammars so it'll work equally well for DG. …

Abkhaz, a northwest Caucasian language, has no cases but it is an ergative language. The alignment can be recovered from head-marking (on verbs).

In syntactic frameworks with a context-free backbone, glue semantics (based on linear logic) is used at times, but it has problems, too. …

To achieve this you need dependencies at deep structure (stripped of all the function words) and lexical mapping. You need a good parser and a valency lexicon with mapping to semantic/θ roles, which i …

In (neo-)Davidsonian semantics, what you call activities is called events. Teaching/cooking in your example would be complex events. A typical example is "Brutus stabbed Caesar. Caesar died." vs. … Google for "neo-Davidsonian semantics" for papers and slides that discuss events in more detail. …

There are many “type theories.” In mathematics, Russell used a simple one to resolve paradoxes in set theory, but there are now other ways to get rid of them. Relevant to linguistics is Church’s “simp …

Formal semantics can serve as a basis for the stochastic methods. There are many approaches, let me just mention one — abductive parsing and interpretation. … It’s based on formal semantics but the algorithms for analysing text are stochastic. IBM Watson is an example of a system based on formal semantics. …