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The Xhosa consonants include these minimal pairs: ᵏǀʰ ⟨ch⟩ ᵏǁʰ ⟨xh⟩ ᵏǃʰ ⟨qh⟩ ᶢ̥ǀʱ ⟨gc⟩ ᶢ̥ǁʱ ⟨gx⟩ ᶢ̥ǃʱ ⟨gq⟩ They are distinguishing between the k and voiceless g in their orthography, but …

Phoible is a repository of cross-linguistic phonological inventory data, and it has data like this (JS object): { InventoryID: '2325', Glottocode: 'ligu1248', ISO6393: 'lij', LanguageName: 'Li …

I shared this Oracc RINAP JSON example in my last post, but now I'm focusing on how to automatically generate an IPA version of each Akkadian "word", from some sort of input word/text. It appears ther …

But if I were putting together a phonology, it seems it would be more "pure" to just list the base vowels which get used, at level 1. … I would personally move the diphthongs and level 2 stuff into a higher level thing, maybe not called part of the phonology. But I'm not sure. What goes into a phonology in the end? …

I am working on a conscript and want to make sure I can handle all of Earth's languages. In some Indian languages they have the aspirated consonants like bh like bhavya. It is basically a breathy b. B …

I worked with a native Danish translator, using a simplified version of IPA for transcribing Danish words into their pronunciation. They pointed out 3 sounds that weren't covered by the system (which …

For example, the word "Emperor" in IPA on Wiktionary for General American is written /ˈɛmpɹɚ/. But that's kind of cheating because ɚ is basically /ɹ/ as far as I can tell. Yet, when you say the word, …

Which languages can you directly convert the spelling of the word into a "standard" pronunciation? From my understanding so far: Chinese (through pinyin) Hebrew (seem to have a rigid grammar for pron …

I am playing with the idea of building a language parser/transformer and getting into the structure of pronunciations. This leads me to try and come up with rules for the parser for understanding how …

So this video explains clearly how to do the 3 Xhosa clicks at the same time as each vowel sound. The Wikipedia page also shows clearly how to produce those 3 clicks as well, independent of any vowel …

So I see things like: Sharanawa has /ɸ/ instead of /β/, and Shanewana has a labiodental fricative /f/ instead of /ɸ/. where the table shows [β] as the symbol. That, along with other examples li …

ˀm = ʔm dʰ = dh dʱ = dɦ dⁿ = dn ⁿd = nd ᵑd = ŋd ᶮd = ɲd ᶯd = ɳd ᵐb = mb ᵗʃ = tʃ (I saw this along with tʃ as two different elements of a phonology somewhere I think) q͡χ = qχ t͡ɬ = tɬ ʈ͡ʂ = ʈʂ ɖ͡ʐ = ɖʐ …

I understand the basics of what a nasal sound is. I understand that /m/ and /n/ are nasal sounds because you are letting air come out of your nose. But I don't quite get a few other things: What the …

I guess this is related to the general question about how a phonology is constructed -- a complicated one such as the Ubykh phonology, with ~84 consonants. … Not sure if an "alphabet" (unwritten) is the same thing as a phonology, but basically I'm just wondering how a linguist determines that "these are the base sounds" in a language. …

Wondering about languages with stress that don't mark it orthographically. For example, the only two languages I know of that actually mark stress are Ancient Greek and Spanish. It seems that marking …