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An application of NSM is Minimal English (briefly described in the Wikipedia article quoted above). …

It is called phonetic reduction and it is not restricted to the English language and its dialects. …

Aviation English, the standard phraseology that pilots and air traffic controllers use, is one example of a controlled language. … There is also the term English for specific purposes that comes from the language teaching community. …

This is a challenge to the assertion in the question Native speakers have emphasized to me how much more compactly the same idea can be expressed in Mandarin than in English. … English and Chinese were among the languages studied in this work. More information per syllably is compensated by slower speech, essentially. …

The letter Q and X are kind of redundant in the Latin alphabet (Q could be replaced by c or k with almost no loss of information, exceptions like the pair cui/qui are just exceptions to that rule, X c …

As an example how such an English looks like, try the essay Uncleftish Beholding by Poul Andersen that is written in a special kind of English without borrowings from Latin, French, and Greek. …

Restricting the language to "English" in the facetted search gives currently exactly one hit, namely "Linguistic Aspects of Texting and its Influence on Cognitive and Social Development" hosted at DANS …

This class of verbs was originally not restricted to modal verbs, the German verb wissen "to know" is a member of it, and the English verb to dare also belonged to it (You can still say He daren't do this … Now, in English the only surviving verbs of this class are all modals, and almost all modals belong to this class, with the exception of will that was later assimilated into this class. …

Not really, modern French has preserved only very few Celtic words not counting geographical names. The loss of Celtic words already happened in Gallo-Romance, the Frankish takeover had indeed little …

Yes, if it is a copula in the simple present, it is also a copula in any conjugation available. Adding tense, aspect and mood to a copula does not change its functional role.

Definetely not in English. The word illegal was borrowed from Latin when the assimilation already had happened. This assimilation is also not a productive process in English. …

This is a good demonstration of conventionalisation in natural language. The conventionalisation goes so far, the even the order of the antonyms tend to be fixed, as in black and white or good and evi …

selected foreign languages (typically French, Spanish, and German) and that they offer only a limited accuracy in rendering the foreign words (so you still have an accent according to your native variety of English …

As far as I can tell, the historical data on English, French, and Spanish do not allow the conclusion that the construction is borrowed from one of the languages to another. …

English has zero derivation turning a verb into a noun and vice versa. Note that 'record and re'cord aren't an example for zero derivation, in the spoken language they are clearly different words. …